“classical” (meaning “non-quantum”) form. For an exceedingly brief era right at the big bang, however, within a so-called “Planck time” of the big bang, it is known that a classical description of gravity does not suffice. (A Planck time is 10-43 seconds.) The mass densities during this “Planck era” would have been so large that quantum gravity effects would have been important and the mathematics of classical General Relativity would therefore not be adequate to describe them. What is needed to describe physics